Impact of Rural Women Labour Participation in Agricultural Production on Household Food and Nutrition Security in Punjab, Pakistan

Abstract

Rural women in Pakistan are involved in diverse household-related reproductive and agricultural-related

productive activities. The extant literature fails to capture women’s unpaid domestic and farm work. Therefore, this

study aims to evaluate the determinants of poor rural women’s time allocation to pulses production and the net impact

of women’s time allocation to pulses production on household food and nutrition security in Pakistan. The findings of

the descriptive analysis show that most of the women active in agricultural tasks were middle-aged, illiterate, and had

a healthy body (average body mass index) which enables them to perform physically demanding agricultural activities.

To correct the endogeneity of women’s time for agricultural tasks, we found two unique instruments: women’s body

mass index and household types of farming. A higher BMI is associated with reduced participation in agricultural

activities, possibly due to physical health limitations or reduced mobility. Body mass index decreases women’s

participation in agricultural activities, while household subsistence farming increases women’s involvement in

agricultural activities. The results of instrumental variable regression indicate that an hour increase in women’s

allocation of time to pulse production activities increases food consumption by 102 kcal per adult equivalent per day

and household dietary diversity by 6%. Moreover, the analysis reveals that the net impact of reproductive time such

as childcare, food preparation, and other household responsibilities on household food security is significantly greater

than the impact of productive (agricultural) time. This highlights the crucial role of unpaid care work in ensuring

household well-being. Moreover, the net impact of reproductive time on household food security was much more

significant than that of productive time. This study suggests that policymakers should compensate for women’s

increased agricultural workload by integrating health and nutrition interventions into rural development programs

thus linking the feminization of agriculture with broader social support systems.